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Logical Functions

  • Use logical formulas in Excel to perform conditional calculations.

  • IF Function

    Purpose

    Checks a condition and returns one value if TRUE, another if FALSE.

    Syntax

=IF(logical_test, value_if_true, value_if_false)

  • Example

    Marks

    Result

    85

    Pass

    40

    Fail

    Formula:

=IF(A2>=50, "Pass", "Fail")

  • If marks ≥ 50 → Pass
     Else → Fail


    AND Function

    Purpose

    Returns TRUE only if all conditions are TRUE.

    Syntax

=AND(condition1, condition2, ...)

  • Example

    Marks

    Attendance

    Result

    75

    80%

    Pass

    Condition:

    • Marks ≥ 50

    • Attendance ≥ 75%

    Formula:

=IF(AND(A2>=50, B2>=75), "Pass", "Fail")

  • Both conditions must be TRUE.


    OR Function

    Purpose

    Returns TRUE if at least one condition is TRUE.

    Syntax

=OR(condition1, condition2, ...)

  • Example

    Condition:

    • Bonus if Sales ≥ 50000
       OR

    • Performance Rating = "A"

    Formula:

=IF(OR(A2>=50000, B2="A"), "Bonus", "No Bonus")

  • Only one condition needs to be TRUE.


    Nested IF

    Nested IF means using IF inside another IF.
     Used when you have multiple conditions.


    Example: Grade System


    Marks

    Grade

    90

    A

    75

    B

    55

    C

    35

    Fail

    Formula:

=IF(A2>=85, "A",
   IF(A2>=70, "B",
      IF(A2>=50, "C", "Fail")))

  • Excel checks step by step:

    1. Is marks ≥ 85? → A

    2. Else is ≥ 70? → B

    3. Else is ≥ 50? → C

    4. Else → Fail


    Difference Between AND & OR

    Function

    Condition Requirement

    AND

    All conditions must be TRUE

    OR

    At least one condition must be TRUE

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